Bacteriologic profile, antibiotics resistance pattern, and outcomes of patients admitted to Lancet General Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023: A retrospective cohort study

Background Prior studies indicated increased antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia, with related health, economic, and environmental costs. Knowing an institutions and population microbiologic profile allows for proper antibi-otic treatment, which substantially impact patients' outcomes such as healthcare related costs, morbidity, and mortality. The current study assessed the bacteriologic profile, resistance pattern, and treatment outcome in Lancet General Hospital. Method A retrospective cohort study on the bacteriologic profile, antibiotics resistance pattern, and outcome of patients was done on 128 eligible patients who were admitted to Lancet General Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023. Data from all hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed infection were analyzed. SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyze the data. Association between independent and dependent variables was analyzed using binary logistic regression model. Results Gram-negative bacteria were recovered in 77% of the cases. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae was found in 37.5% (54) isolates and carbapenem resistant bacteria were identified in 27.8% of patients. In-hospital mortality from multidrug resistant bacterial infection was 14.8%. Age ≥ 65 years, presence of septic shock, and presence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria were independently associated with in-creased in-hospital mortality. Conclusion High number of resistant microorganisms was isolated, and increased mortality was documented from infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Multi-center studies should be done to determine the extent of resistant organisms in health facilities throughout the country. epidemiology, and the findings should be factored into clinical decision making and program design for disease prevention, screening, and treatment. It also calls for further prospective research to learn more about the conditions in the context of additional relevant personal and clinical characteristics

Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase and Metallo-beta-lactamase Production among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains from Urine of Pregnant Women in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from pregnant women attending Mater Misericordia Hospital Afikpo, Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Study Design: This is a laboratory based prospective study carried out on pregnant women suspected of having urinary tract infection and was requested to undergo diagnosis at microbiology laboratory of the hospital. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria from October, 2022 to January, 2023. Methodology: Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected from 206 pregnant women suspected of having urinary tract infection and were requested to undergo medical diagnosis at microbiology laboratory of the hospital. The urine samples were processed following standard microbiological procedure. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined using the disc diffusion method, while ESBL phenotypes were determine by the Double-Disc Synergy Test (DDST). Disc potentiation test was performed to check for MBL production. Results: Out of the 206 urine samples processed, 24 (11.7 %) E. coli and 12 (5.8 %) K. pneumoniae were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates recorded a 100 % resistance with Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid and Cotrimoxazole. The Gram-negative isolates showed a high sensitivity of 100 % to Netilmicin, Meropenem and Ofloxacin. Overall, 35 (97.2 %) multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed of the bacteria isolates. A total of 9 (37.5 %) E. coli and 4 (33.3 %) K. pneumoniae was found positive for ESBL production whereas, 5 (20.8 %) E. coli and 2 (16.7 %) K. pneumoniae were MBL positive. Conclusion: The level of drug resistance in this study underscores the need for regular surveillance for effective management of urinary tract infection in pregnancy.

Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenem- resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients with urinary tract infection from a tertiary care hospital

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common health problem in both community and nosocomial settings. However, the predisposing factors which are responsible for production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae makes the treatment option narrow and cause multidrug resistance. Aim and Objectives: This study demonstrate various risk factors associated with multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from UTI at tertiary care center in Gujarat. Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. Urine samples were received from various departments and outpatient department (OPD). Organisms from Enterobacteriaceae group were isolated and identified by various biochemical methods. ESBL and Carbapenemase producing organisms were then processed for Antibiotic susceptibility test as per CLSI guideline. Results: A total of 196 Enterobacteriaceae organisms were isolated from processed urine samples of tertiary care Hospitals. The most prevalent in people aged 45–65 years (36%) followed by those aged 17–30 (22%) years. UTI due to ESBL and Carbapenemase producer are more isolated in female (28%, 11%) as compare to male (16%, 6%). Indoor patients had higher prevalence of ESBL (29%) and carbapenemases (10%) isolation compare to OPD patient (ESBL-15%, Carbapenemases-7%) and among them most common ward was medicine department. The most common predisposing factor was catheterization followed by diabetes mellitus and obstructive uropathy. Conclusion: High prevalence of ESBL and Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae is found in Indoor patients than OPD patients. Most of these patients are from Medicine department. Catheterization is the most common risk factor associated with ESBL and carbapenemase producing organism.

Detection and correlation of antimicrobial resistance pattern in Enterobacteriaceae from UTI patients in GMERS Medical College, Gujarat

Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing public health threat worldwide. The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens causing both hospital- and community-acquired infections is a serious threat to public health world-wide. This inappropriate and non-judicious usage of antibiotics has resulted in the development of worldwide antibiotic resistance in bacteria, leading to the emergence of multi-resistant strains of bacterial pathogens. This study focuses on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae group of organisms in urine samples and also detects various methods of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance detection may be useful for epidemiological and research purposes, as well as for preventing the spread of drug-resistant organisms within hospitals through good infection control practices. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to detect occurrence of ?-lactamases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and Carbapenemase by phenotypic methods in Enterobacteriaceae from urine samples along with pattern of antibiotic resistance for various antibiotics in them. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. Testing of ESBL and carbapenemase production detection done according to CLSI (M100) guideline by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, combination disc diffusion test, and modified Carbapenem inactivation method. Results: A total of 220 Enterobacteriaceae organisms were isolated from processed urine samples of tertiary care Hospitals. Rate of cephalosporin resistance in ESBL and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is more than 90% while in non-ESBL more than 70% and in non-CRE 75–80%. Carbapenem resistance in ESBL and non-ESBL is the same. Resistance to fluoroquinolone group, Aminoglycoside group, and Cotrimoxazole and Tetracycline group of antibiotics were more noticed in ESBL and carbapenemase producing organisms. In our study, fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin are effective treatment in case of ESBL and CRE producing organism. Conclusion: The ESBL and Carbapenemase producing isolates were multi-drug resistant making therapeutic choices limited. Fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin are effective treatment in multidrug resistance urinary tract infection.

Characterization of third generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolates from Ushuaia, Argentina / Caracterización de aislamientos clínicos de Escherichia coli resistente a cefalosporinas de tercera generación de Ushuaia, Argentina

Abstract Escherichia coli is one of the main human pathogens causing different hospital- and community-acquired infections. During the period from January 2013 to March 2015, 1.96% (32/1632) of E. coli isolates recovered at the Hospital Regional de Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego province, were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs). These isolates were resistant to cefotaxime (91%) and/or ceftazidime (28%). No resistance to carbapenems was detected. Twenty-six isolates were positive for blaCTX-M gene, grouped as CTX-M-1/15 (54%); CTX-M-9/14 (25%); CTX-M-2 (17%); and CTX-M-1/15 plus CTX-M-9/14 (4%). Five TGC-resistant strains were positive for blaCMY gene, while one strain harbored TEM-19 ESBL. Twelve isolates were identified as ST131 E. coli hyperepidemic clone, and one as ST69. Genome sequence analysis of seven blaCTX-M-15 E. coli selected isolates confirm the circulation of ST131, ST617 and ST405 international high-risk clones in the city of Ushuaia.

Resumen Escherichia coli es uno de los principales patógenos humanos causantes de diferentes infecciones de inicio hospitalario y comunitario. Se determinó que el 1,96% (32/1.632) de los aislamientos de E. coli recuperados entre enero de 2013 y marzo de 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Ushuaia, provincia de Tierra del Fuego, fueron resistentes a cefalosporinas de tercera generación (CTG). Estos aislamientos fueron resistentes a cefotaxima (91%) y/o a ceftazidima (28%). No se detectó resistencia a los carbapenemes. Veintiséis aislamientos fueron positivos para el gen blaCTX-M, agrupados como CTX-M-1/15 (54%), CTX-M-9/14 (25%), CTX-M-2 (17%) y CTX-M-1/15 más CTX-M-9/14 (4%). Cinco cepas resistentes a CTG dieron positivo para el gen blaCMY, mientras que un aislamiento presentó la BLEE TEM-19. Doce aislamientos se identificaron como clon hiperepidémico E. coli ST131 y uno como ST69. El análisis de las secuencias del genoma de siete aislamientos seleccionados de E. coli blaCTX-M-15 confirmó la circulación de los clones internacionales de alto riesgo ST131, ST617 y ST405 en la ciudad de Ushuaia.

Meningitis por Aeromonas complejo hydrophila productora de carbapenemasa: a propósito de un caso / Meningitis due to carbapenemase-producing Aeromonas hydrophila: a case report

Se describe una presentación clínica inusual de infección por Aeromonas complejo hydrophila y se destaca la importancia del correcto diagnóstico microbiológico para adecuar el tratamiento. Paciente de 6 años consultó por fiebre y drenaje de líquido serohemático de herida quirúrgica por antecedente de craneotomía con duroplastia la semana previa. Laboratorio con parámetros normales y tomografía computada sin cambios relevantes. Punción lumbar: leucocitos 91/mm3, proteínas 89 mg/dl, glucosa 36 mg/dl. Comenzó tratamiento con vancomicina y ceftazidima. Cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo: bacilo gramnegativo, oxidasa positivo, fermentador de glucosa. Se rotó a meropenem. A las 72 horas, se informó, por método difusión y Vitek2, Aeromonas complejo hydrophila: sensible a trimetoprimasulfametoxazol, ciprofloxacina, cefotaxima y meropenem. Se realizó método Blue Carba para detección de carbapenemasas con resultado positivo. Se rotó a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. Completó 21 días de tratamiento con evolución clínica favorable

Here we describe an unusual clinical presentation of infection due to Aeromonas hydrophila and underline the importance of a correct microbiological diagnosis for an adequate treatment. A 6-year-old patient with a history of craniotomy with duraplasty the week before consulted for fever and drainage of serosanguineous fluid from the surgical wound. The laboratory parameters were normal and the computed tomography scan showed no relevant changes. Lumbar puncture: leukocytes: 91/mm3; proteins: 89 mg/dL; glucose: 36 mg/dL. Treatment with vancomycin and ceftazidime was started. Cerebrospinal fluid culture: oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus. Treatment was changed to meropenem. At 72 hours, using a diffusion method and Vitek 2, it was reported as Aeromonas hydrophila sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and meropenem. The Blue-Carba method was performed to detect carbapenemases; the result was positive. Treatment was changed to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. The patient completed 21 days of treatment with a favorable clinical course.

Impacto de infecciones y enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasa de espectro extendido en la supervivencia del injerto y del paciente en un programa de trasplante renal en México / Impact of infections and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae on graft and patient survival in a kidney transplantation program in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Los tratamientos inmunosupresores han mejorado las tasas de supervivencia del injerto y del paciente, pero pueden incrementar las infecciones postrasplante. Objetivos: Analizar los datos de pacientes con trasplante renal y describir las bacterias responsables de las infecciones que presentan. Métodos: Estudio observacional, longitudinal y analítico de 103 pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal. El periodo de seguimiento fue de 5.07 ± 1.28 años. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad fue de 10.68 % y la de pérdida del injerto de 14.56 %. Respecto al riesgo de muerte del receptor, el modelo de regresión de Cox mostró un cociente de riesgo (HR, hazard ratio) de 5.66 en los pacientes con cultivo bacteriano positivo y de 2.22 en aquellos con cepas productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE); en cuanto a la pérdida del injerto, el HR fue de 4.59 en quienes tuvieron cultivo bacteriano positivo y de 4.25 en aquellos con cepas productoras de BLEE. Conclusiones: Se encontró riesgo significativo de muerte en receptores de trasplante renal con cultivo bacteriano positivo y mayor riesgo de pérdida del injerto en aquellos con cultivo bacteriano positivo y aislamiento de cepas productoras de BLEE. La tasa de enterobacterias productoras de BLEE es alta, por ello son necesarias estrategias más estrictas para controlar del uso de antibióticos.

Abstract Introduction: Immunosuppressive treatments have improved graft and patient survival rates, but can increase the incidence of post-transplant infections. Objectives: To analyze data from kidney transplant patients and describe the pathogens responsible for the infections they experience. Methods: Longitudinal, analytical, observational study of 103 patients who underwent kidney transplantation. The follow-up period was 5.07 ± 1.28 years. Results: Overall mortality rate was 10.68% and graft loss rate was 14.56%. Regarding recipient risk of death, the Cox regression model showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.66 for positive bacterial cultures and 2.22 for positive extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains; as for graft loss, HR was 4.59 in those with positive bacterial cultures and 4.25 in those who were positive for ESBL-producing strains Conclusions: Significant death risk was found in kidney transplant recipients with positive bacterial cultures and an increased risk of graft loss in those with positive bacterial cultures and in those who were positive for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is high, and stricter strategies are therefore necessary to control the use of antibiotics.

Risk factors for ESBL-positive Escherichia coli urinary tract infections / Factores de riesgo para infección urinaria por Escherichia coli BLEE positiva

Abstract Objective: to determine the association of prior antibiotic use, prior hospitalizations, prior urinary tract infections, age, sex and comorbidities in adult patients hospitalized with urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Materials and methods: a case-control study carried out in the hospital setting of private clinics in Lima. Thirty cases and 30 controls were included, with cases defined as hospitalized patients with an ESBL-producing E. coli urinary tract infection diagnosed by urine culture, and controls defined as hospitalized patients without ESBL-producing E. coli infection. Data were taken from incident cases. A bivariate analysis was performed followed by multivariate logistic regression using the significant variables from the bivariate analysis. Results: the associated factors were: prior antibiotic use OR: 261 (22.5-11,017.4), prior hospitalization OR: 4.6 (1.39-16.1), and prior urinary tract infection OR: 36 (6.9-227.2). After adjusting for potential confounding factors using logistic regression, the main statistically significant associated factor was prior antibiotic use, OR: 97.7 (8.4-1,128.3, p<0.000). Conclusion: evidence was found that prior antibiotic use is a risk factor significantly associated with ESBL E. coli urinary tract infections. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2131).

Resumen Objetivo: establecer la asociación del uso previo de antibióticos, hospitalizaciones previas, infección urinaria previa, edad, sexo y comorbilidades en pacientes adultos hospitalizados con infección urinaria por Escherichia coli productora de beta lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Material y métodos: estudio caso control, realizado en clínicas privadas de Lima en ámbito hospitalario. Se incluyeron 30 casos y 30 controles, definiéndose como caso al paciente hospitalizado que cuente con diagnóstico de infección urinaria por urocultivo de E. coli productora de BLEE y como control al paciente hospitalizado sin infección por E. coli BLEE. Se recolectó la información de casos incidentes. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y regresión logística multivariable con las variables que fueron significativas en el análisis bivariado. Resultados: los factores asociados fueron: uso previo de antibióticos OR: 261 (22.5-11017.4), hospitalización previa OR: 4.6 (1.39-16.1), infección urinaria previa OR: 36 (6.9-227.2). Al ajustar por variables potencialmente confusoras mediante regresión logística, se observó que el principal factor asociado con significación estadística fue el uso previo de antibióticos, OR: 97.7 (8.4-1128.3, p<0.000). Conclusión: se encontró evidencia de que el uso previo de antibióticos es un factor de riesgo asociado significativamente a infección urinaria por E. coli BLEE. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2131).

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria - An emerging menace in Neonatal Sepsis.

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis caused by extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacteria (GNB) is associated with significantly high mortality and morbidity. Clinical features and risk factors for such neonatal sepsis can help in identifying it early. Objectives: Aim of the study was to estimate the incidence, risk factors, clinical features and antibiotic sensitivity of GNB and outcomes of ESBL GNB in neonatal sepsis. Methodology: A prospective observational conducted at regional tertiary care health center. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS version 23.0. Results: A total of 87 cases of Gram negative neonatal sepsis were included in study. Male: female was 1.7:1. Forty nine (56.3%) isolates were ESBL positive strains. The clinical features in order of frequency were shock, lethargy, sclerema, disseminated intravascular coagulation and severe thrombocytopenia. Out born neonates (p=0.03), late onset sepsis (p=0.05) and mechanical ventilation (p=0.002) were the risk factors for ESBL GNB sepsis. Mortality associated with ESBL sepsis was 26.5%. Carbapenems and Piperacillin + Tazobactum were most sensitive antibiotics and high resistant for cephalosporins was observed. Conclusion: ESBL GNB neonatal sepsis is an emerging threat with high mortality in Neonatal Intensive care unit.

Phenotypic detection of metallo-beta-lactamase production in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Carbapenem resistance due to metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing bacteria is an emerging threat worldwide. This study aimed to detect the MBL production in clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae species in our hospital setting and to evaluate the efficiency of two phenotypic methods for the detection of MBL production. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, for a period of 2 years from April 2018 to March 2020. From a total of 12,324 various clinical specimens, 393 isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae species were tested for MBL production. MBL was detected by two different phenotypic methods, i.e., combined disc test and E-test. Results: Out of 393 isolates, 130 (33.07%) isolates were resistant to imipenem on screening of which 71 (18.06%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 59 (15.01%) were E. coli. About 43.66% Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 40.67% E. coli isolates were MBL-positive by the combined disc test. Using the E-test, MBL production was found to be 46.47% and 45.76% in Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli, respectively. Conclusion: Routine screening of MBL-producing organisms should be performed in diagnostic laboratories to control the spread of resistance and for the proper management of antibiotic therapy. E-test is better than the combined disc test for the detection of MBL-producing gram-negative bacilli.

Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemases among ampicillin-resistant enterobacteriales recovered from a municipal raw sewage in Minas Gerais, Brazil

SUMMARY Introduction: The capacity of resistance to ß-lactam among enterobacteriales is notable, mainly into water environment. Herein, many species of this family have the ability to carrier and produce ß-lactamases enzymes, such as extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases. However, contrary to clinical settings, where the distribution of resistant bacteria is well documented, the evidence of resistant pathogens in the domestic sewage has been little explored, especially in Brazil. Thus, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of ESBL and carbapenemases between ampicillin-resistant enterobacteriales recovered from a municipal raw sewage in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: Enterobacteriales were isolated from sewage samples on MacConkey agar supplemented with ampicillin. Species identification was performed by biochemical and morphological methods and the resistance profile determined by the Kirby-Bauer test. The production of ESBL and carbapenemase was investigated in all isolates by phenotypic tests. Results and discussion: A total of 45 species of enterobacteriales resistant to ampicillin were recovered (37 Escherichia coli, four Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii and Pantoea agglomerans). Most isolates showed a high ß-lactam susceptibility profile (14/45, 31.1 %), however E. coli with decreased susceptibility to imipenem was detected (2/37; 2.7 %). ESBL-positive isolates were mostly identified as E. coli (10/45; 22.2 %), but no isolates were positive carbapenemase. Conclusion: Domestic sewage is an important source of ß-lactams resistant determinants in Brazil.

Introdução: a capacidade de resistência aos beta-lactâmicos entre enterobacteriales é notável, principalmente no ambiente aquático. Nessa direção, muitas espécies desta família têm a capacidade de transportar e produzir enzimas ß-lactamases, especialmente a ß-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) e as carbapenemases. Porém, ao contrário do cenário clínico, onde a distribuição de bactérias resistentes é bem documentada, as evidências de patógenos resistentes no esgoto doméstico têm sido pouco exploradas, principalmente no Brasil. Assim, objetivamos investigar a ocorrência de ESBL e carbapenemases entre enterobacteriales resistentes à ampicilina recuperadas de um esgoto bruto municipal em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: enterobacteriales foram isoladas de amostras de esgoto em ágar MacConkey suplementado com ampicilina. A identificação das espécies foi realizada por métodos bioquímicos e morfológicos e o perfil de resistência determinado pelo teste de Kirby-Bauer. A produção de ESBL e carbapenemase foi investigada em todos os isolados por testes fenotípicos. Resultados e discussão: foram recuperadas 45 isolados de enterobacteriales resistentes à ampicilina (37 Escherichia coli, quatro Klebsiella pneumoniae e uma Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii e Pantoea agglomerans). A maioria dos isolados apresentou um perfil de alta susceptibilidade aos ß-lactâmicos (14/45, 31,1 %), porém E. coli com susceptibilidade diminuída ao imipenem foi detectada (2/37; 2,7 %). Os isolados ESBL-positivos foram identificados principalmente como E. coli (10/45; 22,2 %), mas nenhum isolado foi positivo para a carbapenemase. Conclusão: o esgoto doméstico é uma importante fonte de determinantes de resistência aos ß-lactâmicos no Brasil.

Introducción: la capacidad de resistencia a betalactámicos entre enterobacteriales es notable, principalmente en el medio acuático. En este sentido, muchas especies de esta familia tienen la capacidad de transportar y producir enzimas ß-lactamasas, especialmente ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas. Sin embargo, en contraste con el escenario clínico, donde la distribución de bacterias resistentes está bien documentada, la evidencia de patógenos resistentes en las aguas residuales domésticas ha sido poco explorada, especialmente en Brasil. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es investigar la ocurrencia de BLEE y carbapenemasas entre enterobacteriales resistentes a ampicilina recuperadas de un alcantarillado municipal sin tratar en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: se aislaron enterobacteriales de muestras de aguas residuales en agar MacConkey suplementado con ampicilina. La identificación de las especies se realizó mediante métodos bioquímicos y morfológicos y el perfil de resistencia se determinó mediante la prueba de Kirby-Bauer. La producción de BLEE y carbapenemasa se investigó en todos los aislamientos mediante pruebas fenotípicas. Resultados y discusión: se recuperaron 45 aislamientos de enterobacteriales resistentes a ampicilina (37 Escherichia coli, cuatro Klebsiella pneumoniae y una Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii y Pantoea agglomerans). La mayoría de los aislamientos tenían un perfil de susceptibilidad alto a los (3-lactámicos (14/45, 31,1 %), pero se detectó E. coli con susceptibilidad reducida al imipenem (2/37; 2,7 %). Los aislamientos positivos para BLEE se identificaron principalmente como E. coli (10/45; 22,2 %), pero ningún aislado fue positivo para carbapenemasa. Conclusión: las aguas residuales domésticas son una fuente importante de determinantes de la resistencia a los ß-lactámicos en Brasil.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in enteric Gram-negative bacteria from patients with lower respiratory tract infections in a tertiary hospital, southwest Nigeria

Background: AmpC or class C or group 1 beta lactamases are class C cephalosporinases that hydrolyse a wide variety of beta-lactam antibiotics including alpha methoxy beta-lactams (cefoxitin), narrow and broad spectrum cephalosporins. This study was conducted to characterize plasmid-mediated AmpC producing enteric Gram- negative bacteria from patients with lower respiratory tract infections in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Methodology: A total of 149 patients with clinical features of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) were selected by simple random sampling for the study. All Gram-negative isolates recovered from standard microbiological cultures of respiratory specimens of these patients were tested against cefoxitin, third generation cephalosporins (3GCs), and other antibiotics using the disc diffusion AST method, and also screened for production of AmpC beta-lactamases phenotypically by the CLSI method. Plasmid DNA extraction was carried out on twenty-nine cefoxitin-resistant selected isolates using the Kado and Lin method, while genotypic detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC gene was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: The results showed that 204 (43.3%) of 471 isolates recovered from the 149 selected patients were resistant to 3GC in the AST assay, among which 121 (59.3%) were resistant to cefoxitin, and 189 of the 471 isolates (40.1%) were AmpC producers. The AmpC producers concurrently showed multiple resistance pattern to other antibiotics tested in this study. Ninety six percent of the 29 selected isolates for plasmid analysis contained plasmids, 45% of which amplified positive on PCR for CMY, 38% for FOX, and 31% for ACC types of AmpC genes. Conclusion: This study showed a high degree of antibiotic resistance among enteric Gram-negative bacteria recovered from patients with LRTIs, as well as high degree of plasmid-encoded AmpC genes responsible for this high antibiotic resistance among the isolates. Proper antibiotic policy and regulation are required to limit the spread of plasmid mediated AmpC ß-lactamase

Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Coagulase Positive Staphylococci from The External Surfaces of Hospital Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)

A study to phenotypically characterize and determine the antibiogram of coagulase positive Staphylococci (CoPS) from the external surfaces of hospital cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) was conducted using standard microbiological methods. Out of the 50 cockroaches collected from various hospitals in Uyo, sixty-two percent (n = 31) had coagulase positive Staphylococci which consisted of Staphylococcus aureus (44.0 %; n = 22) and Staphylococcus intermedius (18.0 %; n = 9). The CoPS isolates showed 100% resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin and 80.6% sensitivity to Amoxicillin-clavulanate. The CoPS showed multiple antibiotic resistances to ≥ 3 antibiotics, with 60 % exhibiting resistance to 6 antibiotics. Out of the 80 % (n = 31) of the multidrug resistant CoPS that were sensitive to Amoxicillin-clavulanate, none of them showed production of beta lactamase. The cockroaches bore multiple antibiotic resistant CoPS on their external surfaces and their contact can initiate contamination of patients' food. Pest control measures in hospital are hereby recommended to minimize cockroach related infections

Actividad antimicrobiana de ceftolozano-tazobactam y ceftazidima-avibactam contra bacilos gramnegativos clínicamente relevantes aislados en México / Ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant gram-negative bacilli isolated in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Existe poca información acerca de la efectividad de las combinaciones ceftolozano/tazobactam y ceftazidima/avibactam en cepas clínicamente relevantes aisladas en México. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil antimicrobiano de ambos antibióticos en nuestra comunidad. Método: El presente estudio de investigación fue prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal. Se incluyeron cepas clínicamente relevantes aisladas a partir de cultivos de cepa pura durante el periodo de agosto de 2018 a enero de 2019 en Mexicali, Baja California, México. Resultados: Se analizaron 74 cepas de enterobacterias y 19 cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa; el porcentaje de sensibilidad de ceftazidima/avibactam fue de 100 % contra enterobacterias y de 72.7 % contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa; el porcentaje de sensibilidad de ceftolozano/tazobactam fue de 90.5 % para enterobacterias y de 72.7 % para Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusiones: Las combinaciones ceftolozano/tazobactam y ceftazidima/avibactam ofrecen buena sensibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro, tanto contra enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido como contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Se requieren más datos para valorar la respuesta clínica en pacientes que reciben esas combinaciones de antibióticos.

Abstract Introduction: There is limited information on the effectiveness of ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam combinations on clinically relevant strains isolated in Mexico. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial profile of both antibiotic combinations in our community. Method: The present research study was prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional. Clinically relevant strains isolated from pure-strain cultures were included during the period from August 2018 to January 2019 in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. Results: 74 enterobacteriaceae and 19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were analyzed; the percentage of sensitivity of ceftazidime/avibactam was 100 % for enterobacteriaceae and 72.7 % for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the percentage of sensitivity of ceftolozane/tazobactam for enterobacteriaceae was 90.5 % and 72.7 % for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: The ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam combinations offer good antimicrobial sensitivity in vitro, both for ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. More data are required to assess clinical response in patients receiving these antibiotic combinations.

Factors Associated with the Presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections in a Private Clinic in Lima, Peru / Factores asociados con la presencia de patógenos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en infecciones urinarias en una clínica privada, Lima (Perú) / Fatores associados á presença de patógenos produtores de betalactamases de espectro estendido em infecções urinárias em uma clínica privada, Lima (Peru)

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIS) are the second most frequent reason for healthcare visits, and antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family has increased significantly worldwide. The emergence of microorganisms that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) is especially problematic. This study aims to identify factors associated with the presence of UTI caused by ESBL-producing pathogens. Material and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, and the urine culture database from a private healthcare clinic was analyzed. Factors possibly associated with the appearance of UTIS due to ESBL-producing pathogens were analyzed, including sex, age, number of hospitalizations, and previous UTIS. Results: A total of 1405 positive urine cultures were studied, 85.48% of which belonged to women. The mean age of the subjects was 39.98 ± 24.51 years, 24.13% of whom were over 60 years old. Of these, 55.56% had been attended on an outpatient basis. Almost half (49.18%) of the cultures tested positive for ESBL-related UTI, 96.58% of which had not presented with a previous UTI. A statistically significant association was found between sex and the development of UTI caused by ESBL-producing microorganisms (p = 0.007), with the male sex having the highest association (prevalence ratio, 1.224; 95% confidence interval: 1.035-1.448). In addition, age, number of previous hospitalizations, and prior intensive care unit admissions also showed associations with UTI development. No association was found with the presence of previous UTIS. Conclusion: A high frequency of UTIS were ESBL-related, and the factors associated with ESBL-related UTIS were male sex, age >60, and previous hospitalizations.

Resumen Introducción: las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son el segundo motivo más frecuente de atención médica, y la resistencia a los antibióticos entre las enterobacterias gramnegativas ha aumentado de manera importante en todo el mundo, dada la aparición de organismos productores de betalactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE). Se busca identificar factores asociados a la presencia de ITU por patógeno productor de BLEE. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio trasversal analítico, un análisis de la base de datos de urocultivos de una clínica privada y una evaluación de los factores posiblemente asociados a la presentación de ITU por el microorganismo BLEE, como el sexo, la edad, el número de hospitalizaciones e ITU previas. Resultados: se estudiaron 1405 urocultivos positivos y se encontró que el 85.48 % fueron de sexo femenino. La edad media de la población fue de 39.98 ± 24.51 años, el 24.13 % de edad mayor a 60 años, y el 55.56 % habían sido atendidos ambulatoriamente. El 49.18 % de los cultivos fue positivo para ITU BLEE, de los cuales el 96,58 % no habían presentado una ITU previa. Se encontró que existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa (0,007; p < 0,05) entre el sexo y el desarrollo de ITU por microorganismo productor de BLEE. El masculino es el de mayor asociación (OR 1,224; IC95 %: 1,035-1,448). También se encontró una asociación con la edad, el número de hospitalizaciones previas y haber estado en UCI. No se encontró ninguna asociación entre la presencia de ITU previas. Conclusiones: existe una elevada frecuencia de ITU BLEE, y los factores asociados a dicha infección fueron tener sexo masculino, una edad mayor a 60 años y hospitalizaciones previas.

Resumo Introdugao: as infeções do trato urinário (ITU) são o segundo motivo mais frequente de atenção médica e a resistência aos antibióticos entre as enterobactérias gram-negativas tem aumentado de maneira importante no mundo todo; destacado pela aparição de organismos produtores de betalactamase de espectro estendido (BLEE). Busca-se identificar fatores associados á presenta de ITU por patógeno produtor de BLEE. Materiais e métodos: se realizou estudo transversal analítico, analisando a base de dados de urocultura de uma clínica privada, avaliando fatores possivelmente associados á apresentação de ITU por microrganismo BLEE, como o sexo, a idade, o número de hospitalizar es e ITU prévias. Resultados: estudaram-se 1405 uroculturas positivas, encontrado que o 85,48% foram de sexo feminino. A idade média da populacho foi de 39.98 ± 24.51 anos, 24.13% de idade maior a 60 anos, 55.56% tinham sido atendidos ambulatoriamente. O 49.18% dos cultivos foi positivo para ITU BLEE, dos quais 96.58% não tinham apresentado uma ITU prévia. Se encontrou que existe associação estatisticamente significativa (0.007; p < 0.05) entre o sexo e o desenvolvimento de ITU por microrganismo produtor de BLEE, sendo o masculino o de maior associação (OR 1,224; IC 95%: 1,035-1,448). Além disso, tanto a idade quanto o número de hospitalizares prévias, e ter estado em UCI também mostraram associação. Não se encontrou associação entre a presença de ITU prévias. Conclusoes: existe uma elevada frequência de ITU BLEE e os fatores associados a infecto por ITU BLEE foram o sexo masculino, idade > 60 anos e hospitalização prévias.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli from Milk

Milk plays a major role as a source of nutrition in the diet but contaminated milk can be a source of harmful bacteria. Escherichia coli is opportunistic pathogen and is responsible for a wide range of infections. The prevalence of pathogenic multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli is increasing and becoming a global concern. A study was carried out to isolate ESBL producing E. coli from 150 milk samples from Anand and around villages. Total 94(62.66%) samples were found positive as E. coli by isolation on MacConkey and Eosin Methylene Blue agar which were confirmed by primary & biochemical tests including Gram’s staining. Antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST) was performed against 6 antibiotics and isolates found resistant to Aztrionem: 58(61%), Cefoxitin: 20(21%), Ceftriaxone: 56(59%), Ceftazidime: 62(65%), Cefpodoxime: 34(44.73%) & Ceftazidime + Clavulanic acid: 8(8.5%). A total 34(36.17%) ESBL producing E. coli were phenotypically confirmed by ABST and Epsilometer test. Genotypic confirmation of 34 isolates was done by PCR and isolates found positive for bla CTX M-3 gene: 18(52.94%), bla CTX M-9 gene 6(17.64%), bla SHV gene: 5(14.70%) and bla TEM gene: 5(14.70%). In summary, analyzed milk samples were found to have a health risk for consumers due to contamination by ESBL producing E. coli, their pathogenicity and treatment failure as a result of antibiotic resistance

Bacteriological study of post-operative wound infections with special reference to MRSA and ESBL in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Surgical site infections are known to be one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide and raises an important public health concern.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted across 12 months (July 2018-June 2019) in a tertiary care hospital. The present study includes 50 pus samples from clinically suspected cases of post-operative wound infections from various surgical wards which were inoculated in Department of Microbiology. The phenotypic identification of different bacterial isolates especially MRSA and ESBL producers along with their antimicrobial susceptibility testing was interpreted according to CLSI guidelines.Results: Out of 50 samples, 44 showed positive culture. The infections were more common in emergency situations, age group of 20-30 years and in females. The most common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (43.18%) followed by E. coli (22.72%), Klebsiella (15.9%), CONS (13.63%) and Pseudomonas (4.54%). Out of 19 Staphylococcus aureus 9 were MRSA and these gram-positive bacteria were highly sensitive to Linejolid and Clindamycin. In gram negative group 22.72% of E. coli and 15.9% of Klebsiella were ESBL producers who were susceptible mainly to Aztreonam, Linezolid or Cefoxitine.Conclusions: Post-operative wound or surgical site infections is the most important factor responsible for significant morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalization and additional cost to treatment in surgical patients. Marked resistance of isolates to commonly used antibiotics indicates the need of judicious use of these drugs to prevent the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains.

In vitro screening of multidrug resistance uropathogenic Escherichia coli from the urban area of Namakkal district

The aim of the study is to screen the multiple drug resistance (MDR) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) fromthe urban area of Namakkal district. To detect UPEC resistant by using different antibiotics and to analyze the virulentcharacteristics of UPEC and amplification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases genes by multiplex polymerasechain reaction. Total 450 samples individually collected from the urinary tract infection (UTI) patients’ and directstreaked on to the eosin methylene blue agar plates. Significant growth indicates E. coli. HiCrome UTI agar was usedfor rapid identification of uropathogenic E. coli. Out of 450 samples, only 62 isolates of E. coli were subjected tovirulence characteristics, such as slime production (34%), hemolytic activity (56%), and beta-lactamase production(43%). Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed with 13 different antibiotics. Among them, 62 isolates were E. coli,only five were resistant to 10 antibiotics, possess virulence characteristics. Four strains (E-12, E23, E-58, and E-97)have Temoneira, sulfhydryl variable, and cefotaxime hydrolyzing capabilities (CTX-M) antibiotic resistance genes,and E-07 have only CTX-M gene. As E. coli is the main infectious agent in patients with UTI and a potent pathogen,it was difficult to treat with routine antibiotics because day-by-day microbes are resisting to common drugs. Hence,they need alternative therapy

Inhibition of Carbapenem-Resistant NDM-1 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a Hospital Outbreak Patient by a Synbiotic: A Nonantibiotic Treatment Option

Objective: Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae is globally responsible for an alarming increase in hospital infections, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). The acquisition of resistance against a broad range of antibiotics has turned infections with this pathogen into a major worldwide healthcare concern. The aim of the study was to investigate if multistrain synbiotics can complement the current treatment options of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infections. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility and PCR testing were used to characterize the K. pneumoniae causing a hospital outbreak. Effect of multistrain synbiotic administration on the presence of K. pneumoniae in an infected patient was investigated by microbiological testing for the pathogen. Effects of the synbiotic mixture and its individual probiotic bacteria on K. pneumoniae isolated from patients and of the K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC© 700603TM reference strain were investigated by pathogen in-vitro inhibition experiments. Results: The outbreak K. pneumoniae strain was found to be resistant against a range of antibiotics including carbapenems, and to be a producer of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1). Treatment of a NDM-1 K. pneumoniae carrier with a multistrain synbiotic resulted in successful elimination of the pathogen from the patient. In-vitro inhibition experiments showed that the NDM-1 K. pneumoniae (and the reference strain K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, ATCC© 700603TM) could be effectively inhibited by the bacteria mixture of the synbiotic preparation. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicate for the first time that a multistrain synbiotic can add to the treatment repertoire available for the management of NDM-1 K. pneumoniae infections.

Biliary tract infections and their Microbiological Spectrum- A study from coastal region of Southern India / Infecciones de vías biliares y su espectro microbiologico- Un estudio en región de la costa del sur de la India

Objective: Biliary tract infections include cholangitis and cholecystitis. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality in elderly patients with co-morbid disease. The present study was undertaken to determine the microbial aetiology causing biliary tract infections and also to study their antimicrobial resistance profile. Materials & methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2016 at the Enteric Diseases Division, Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal. Patients with biliary tract infections admitted in tertiary referral health care hospital, Manipal were included for the study. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriological and fungal aetiology of biliary tract infections were recorded along with their antimicrobial resistance profile. Results: Out of 307 bile samples sent for aerobic culture and susceptibly testing 187 (60.91%) were positive for culture, of which Escherichia coli (44.4%) was the predominant aetiology followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.3%). Among the 14 samples sent for anaerobic culture, 5 (35.75%) specimens showed growth, of which Bacteroides fragilis group was found to be the predominant anaerobe. Among the 201 bacterial pathogens tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility, 108 (53.73%) isolates were resistant, out of which 9 were PDR Enterobacteriaceae with 12 ESBL strains. All the Candida species were susceptible to fluconazole with the exception of C. glabrata and C. krusei. All the anaerobic isolates were found to be susceptible to Metronidazole. Conclusions: The high rate of bacterial infection particularly gram-negative bacteria was recorded. It is necessary that antimicrobial therapy be initiated when culture or the clinical conditions reports caution. Routine aerobic and anaerobic culturing of bile samples with biliary tract infections are imperatively necessary. With the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens and change in the microbiological spectrum of biliary tract infections, there is a need for the empirical antimicrobial therapy in every clinical setting.

Objectivo: Las infecciones del tracto biliar incluyen colangitis y colecistitis. Se asocian a gran mortalidad y morbildiad en pacientes ancianos y con comorbilidad. El presente studio se hizo para detemrianr la etiologia microbiana que produce infecciones biliares y para estudiar su perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana. Materiales & metodos: Se hizo un studio retrospectivo entre los meses de Enero 2011 a Diciembre de 2016 en la "Enteric Diseases Division, Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal" en India. Los pacientes con infección de vías biliares admitidos al centro de atención de tercer nivel se incluyeron en el estudio. Se buscaron bacterias aerobicas y anaerobicas y etiologia fungica y se analizó su perfil de resistencia antibiotica. Resultados: De 307 muestras de bilis enviadas para cultivo aerobico y antibiograma, 187 (60.91%) crecieron en el medio de cultivo, predominando Escherichia coli (44.4%) seguida por Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.3%). Entre las 14 muestras analizadas en medio anaerobio, 5 (35.75%) mostraron crecimiento de Bacteroides fragilis. Entre 201 bacterias probadas por antibiograma, 108 (53.73%) tuvieron perfil de resistencia, de los cuales 9 fueron PDR Enterobacteriaceae con 12 cepas ESBL. Todas las especies de Candida fueron susceptibles al fluconazol con la excepción de C. glabrata y C. krusei. Todos los aislados anaerobios fueron susceptibles al Metronidazol. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta tasa de infección bacteriana con predominio de gram-negativos. Se hace necesario iniciar terapia antimicrobiana cuando lo sugieren las condiciones clínicas o el resultado del cultivo. El cultivo rutinario de bilis es imperioso. Dado el aumento de patógenos multirresistentes se requiere inicio empírico inmediato